Catawba Riverkeeper and CAFOs

Hank Talmadge • December 12, 2022

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Catawba Riverkeeper over the Years

Background 


Chicken and turkey production has increased by 33% over the past 20 years, with more than half of that growth occurring in the past 5 years. By some measures, North Carolina is the number one chicken producing state in the entire country.


While poultry production in the United States has increased, the total number of farms has decreased. Now, 97% of the 9 billion chickens produced for consumption each year are raised in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFOs.


Why is this a problem? It comes down to the waste products of these CAFOs. The farms are not required to have permits or inspections for the waste, because the waste is not directly discharged into surface waters. However, the waste can be mobilized in runoff or subsurface flow and become a direct threat to water quality​. The waste, known as dry litter, is a mixture of manure, bedding, and feathers that contains nutrients, heavy metals, and pathogens.


Big Poultry in North Carolina Observer Series


The Impacts of Dry Litter Poultry Operations on NC Water Quality 



Locations


Catawba Riverkeeper has been engaged with this issue over the last 10 years. Our current Riverkeeper and his predecessor were aware that CAFOs are a major threat to water quality throughout the whole basin, but particularly in the Northern Basin where the majority of farms are located. Learn about CAFOs in the Catawba River Basin here.


Locating these facilities is another issue. Officials in the NC Department of Agriculture keep the locations of poultry operations confidential. They do not share the locations with the Department of Environmental Quality, who is supposed to confirm the facilities are not impacting our states waters. This lack of transparency causes many issues, namely uncertainty about the location and scope of pollution. The only way to find the facilities is through satellite imagery or observation from a private aircraft. 


Our partners at the Environmental Working group have been using satellite imagery over recent years to find the houses and volunteer pilots from Southwings have been assisting with dozens of flights over the last decade.


Interactive Map by the Environmental Working Group



 


What can you do?


Given these concerns and the rapid rate of poultry expansion in North Carolina, there is an urgent need for stronger poultry industry regulation. 


Pollution from CAFOs is a complicated issue. The drinking water, employment, and quality of life for communities across our basin is at stake. There is no single action that will remedy the associated issues. These issue didn't start overnight and the solutions will not happen immediately either. 

Our elected officials are in the unique position to question government agencies and hold public conversations about the issues. The North Carolina General Assembly is particularly well positioned to hold these conversations. 

Your legislators need to hear from you. We encourage you to contact your state legislators and let them know that pollution from CAFOs is important to you and that you’d like for them to hold hearings to find out what is really going on with this industry. 


Not sure who your legislators are? Check the links below... 


For North Carolina residents... CLICK HERE.

For South Carolina residents... CLICK HERE.



Until the start of the 2023 legislative session, individuals can best help by eating less factory-farmed meat and supporting environmental nonprofits such as the Catawba Riverkeeper Foundation. We need citizens to ask candidates about water quality and support those who will help protect one of our most precious resources. 


Waterkeepers Carolina is hoping for regulatory action to prevent new operations from being constructed within the 500-year flood plain, increased records transparency, and establish a permitting process. 


Additional Information


Farms in the Floodplain

A Farmer's Story about CAFOs

More Farms at risk in the floodplain

CAFOs in the Catawba River Basin

CAFOs in Eastern North Carolina

Dry Litter Literature Review




May 27, 2026
On the evening of May 26th, 2026, Catawba Riverkeeper Brandon Jones attended the Charlotte City Council Public Meeting. At this meeting, he shared our organization's comments on the proposed 150-day data center moratorium. These comments can be read below. "The Catawba Riverkeeper Foundation is a member-funded environmental nonprofit that educates, advocates, and protects the Catawba-Wateree River and all its tributaries. Our organization represents over 8,000 active members and nearly 3 million citizens who rely on the watershed for drinking water, recreation, and electricity. We are concerned that the growth of local data centers may overallocate our limited resources and decrease our ability to respond to drought. We appreciate the opportunity to comment on the proposed 150-day moratorium and strongly support the staff's recommendation to adopt it. Additionally, if adopted, we recommend that the study consider a tiered approach, transparency, and net water consumption. For our water resources, the most important data center metric is net water use. A 400 MW facility—like the one now under construction on Moores Chapel Road—may actually evaporate more water indirectly than directly for cooling. The nearby Catawba Nuclear Station uses approximately 30 MGD to produce 2,300 MW or 5.2 MGD from Lake Wylie per 400 MW. However, without transparency and reporting, it is difficult to know the current impact of these data centers and almost impossible to accurately forecast the industry's future. The most accurate forecast of our region's water resources is the Catawba Wateree Water Management Group’s 2026 Integrated Water Resources Plan. Unfortunately, this plan explicitly does not include increases in water use from data centers due to limited reliable information. It is absolutely critical that our community has accurate information. We need full transparency on the planned electrical and water use of large data centers. A ban of nondisclosure agreements between elected officials and developers could help alleviate suspicion and allow communities to make informed decisions about tradeoffs. The potential direct and indirect impact s of a project should be modeled by the CWWMG to determine its actual impacts. Those impacts could be mitigated by funding water conservation projects, as some data centers have already proposed. Once operating, we need reporting on the actual water and energy use. The cumulative impact must be understood to ensure capacity and resiliency. Water withdrawers from the Catawba utilize a Low Inflow Protocol during drought to help stretch the available supply. Large data centers need conservation plans that comply with this plan. It is hypocritical to ask residents and some businesses to restrict water use while permitting facilities that cannot or will not do the same. Most years, there is plenty of water for drinking, irrigation, ecological flows, and industry in the Catawba. However, droughts such as 2001, 2007, and today expose our vulnerabilities. These droughts are more likely in a warming climate, and we are becoming less resilient with a growing population and industrial demands. Sustainable water management requires careful planning and robust coordination between users, including data centers."
By Susannah Bryant March 19, 2026
Greg Nance has had his boots on the ground since the storm subsided.
February 19, 2026
Live staking is a streambank restoration approach that reduces erosion and sediment pollution. This is the practice of planting dormant branch cuttings of native plants along streambanks (also known as riparian zones) to help hold soil in place along the waters' edge. Live stakes are planted along with native plant seeds and shrubs to create riparian buffers, which help prevent sediment from becoming a stream pollutant by securing the soil in place with good root systems. Riparian buffers also filter out other pollutants, such as chemicals, oils, fertilizers, and trash, before they enter our waterways.